INSURANCE MATTERS

A Newsletter for Members of the CCAP Insurance Programs

Owned by Members, Governed by Members, Service to Members

January 2009

Volume 13, Issue 1

Specialty Lines

It really is amazing the growth and changes we have seen in our risk management training program.  We started in the mid 90's with a couple of annual loss control workshops, and we now have 40 or more training sessions held each year around the state!  Sometime in February you will get the spring Glimpse catalog listing all the events, with instructions on how to register on-line.
 
Several things have not changed over the years:

• Most of our training is free to members of the sponsoring pool or program
• Members get a loss control credit for sending staff or officials to training
• Workshops feature professionals who are experts in their fields

Our goal is to help your county or county related entity be a safe working environment, both for employees and the public, and to encourage proper administration which will lessen the likelihood of lawsuits.
 
Highlights for the spring include our ever popular HR Law Boot Camp, a new seminar on Respect in the Workplace, and sessions to help you make it through the "economic sausage grinder".  We are continuing to hold sessions in the Erie area for counties in the northwest.  We are adding a new session on "green alternatives" during our maintenance workshop.
 
We are continuing our Prison Risk Management Workshop, Defensive Driving Courses and PCoRP Loss Control Workshop, and have planned a newly focused workshop on Controlling Workers' Compensation Costs. There really is something for every county employee and official.
 
Our planning efforts for these sessions really are a team process, led by Linda Rosito, our Insurance Training Director.  Every spring and fall the insurance and education staff meets and review potential topics, using evaluation results from prior sessions.  We also look at claims trends and try to program to address areas where counties are seeing higher frequency or severity of claims.  We discuss locations, speakers, and hotel facilities. Then Linda takes all that and puts together the trainings for the coming "semester".
 
Last season we had a new online registration process which was very successful.  We will continue with that process again, but of course if you have any questions, please contact a Linda Rosito or Jenn Carey at CCAP.

Make sure you call us when you need help with something,

                              John Sallade

In This Issue

Specialty Lines

A Near Miss - What's The Big Deal

2009 Insurance Boards

NACo Launches New Directory

BEST Flex Welcomes New Board Member

A Little Known Benefit of PCoRP and PELICAN

Take Credit For Your Retirement-Plan Contributions

An Economy In Flux

Quote Of The Month

Quick Links 

Glimpse Online

Loss Control Services

Insurance Matters Archive

Contact Us

Join our Mailing List!

A Near Miss - What's The Big Deal?

By Bob Lauzonis, Loss Control Specialist
 
A near miss is an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, or damage but had the potential to do so. Only a fortunate break in the chain of events prevented an injury, fatality or damage from occurring. Although unsafe acts or behavior are usually the initiating event, a faulty process or system invariably permits or compounds the harm, and is the focus of improvement. Other familiar terms for these events is a "close call", or in the case of moving objects, "near collision". Please don't ignore a near miss; a near miss is a free lesson in proactive risk management -- a crystal ball.
 
More often than not, our daily activities have successful outcomes. We normally do not spend much of the day worrying about those potentially undesirable consequences of our work or play. We go about our business, content with the notion that all is well, or at least seems so.
 
We have learned to accept some measure of risk and to accommodate its intrusion into our lives- through practice, we have become skilled. However, we occasionally do not see the things that occur each day that are millimeters or milliseconds from dramatically changing our lives forever: the near misses.
 
Think, just for a moment, about the last near miss you recognized. Was it job-related? Was it on the way to the gym to work out? Was it at home as you tried to repair that light fixture? Was it crossing the road on your morning jog? Was it caused by you or someone else?
 
Now, take a deep breath and think about all of those near misses of which you were not aware. What about that intoxicated driver passing you on her way home Saturday night? Perhaps it was the guy at work who's always in a hurry to get something done and failed to properly lock out a power source to an area that you were working in. Maybe it was the pilot who stayed up a little late one night and was tasked to take you and your family somewhere early the next morning. Or it might have been you, hurrying to get to the Courthouse and speeding through a yellow light. The list goes on and on.
 
Each of us experiences a myriad of events every day that could ultimately prove harmful to us and others. We're aware of most of them and able to take appropriate action to alleviate the situation, but some we miss entirely.
 
Different Levels of Error and Risk
 
Any activity in which we participate can be error-free, or it can have an error or a series of errors as we attempt to complete it. Often, if the task is error-free, it will likely have a successful outcome and our mission will have been accomplished. However, even an event that is error-free, from our perspective, can be modified by outside influences such as weather, other people, or other events that result from our action.
 
Should an activity have an error or series of errors, each resultant hazard could be minor or major in its relation to the event. If the hazard is minor, it may have little impact on the outcome of the activity, even if it goes undetected. The danger could certainly be lessened in its impact if the hazard created by the blunder were detected and properly mitigated. On the contrary, if the error is major, detection is essential in allowing us the opportunity for immediate mitigation. Consequently, detection relegates the errors, and their related hazards, to near misses-but only if we have taken the appropriate action.
 
A minor error that goes undetected might create a hazard that could result in an adverse event. Such an event would be a negative or unfavorable result that was unintended, unexpected, unplanned, and unwanted, resulting in a temporary loss of organizational function. The fallout might cause someone to miss work for a couple of days or a piece of equipment will have to go in for repair, thereby limiting the organization's capacity to implement its particular mission fully.
 
A major error undetected can create hazards that end in a death, a serious (debilitating) injury, or a major loss of equipment, resulting in a significant loss of the organization's ability to perform its mission. However, it can also result in serious mission dysfunction because of the psychological impact such a dramatic event would have on the organization; it can and often does adversely affect everyone.
 
The concept of reporting near misses is to learn from situations where an accident "almost" happened so that real injuries or damage can be prevented. Everyday incidents occur that do not result in injuries or property damage but cause everyone involved to heave a sigh of relief. These incidents point to problems and possibly trends. If they are not corrected, may well result in adverse or significant events in the future; a free lesson in proactive risk management-a crystal ball.
 
Virtually all accidents are preceded by a chain of events or circumstances that would have warned of a potential for danger. Astute supervisors, managers and directors always encourage employees to report all potential safety hazards and near miss accidents. Each report should be taken seriously, investigated thoroughly and preventative action taken.
 
Every department, regardless of size should have a procedure for reporting and correcting potential safety hazards and near misses. Is the safety committee following up on these near misses? A standard form should be used to insure that the procedure is correctly followed and that concerned individuals at the top levels are informed. 

Hazard and near miss follow up procedure elements should include:

·         The employee's description of the circumstance or incident

·         An investigation report

·         Recommendations for correction

·         A report of appropriate actions taken

·         Final approval sign-off by a responsible person

Near misses are warnings of potential things to come but they don't have to be the harbinger of doom, gloom and destruction. If you take them seriously and learn from them you will improve your chances of having a safe and rewarding experience on the job and in your personal live as well.
 
So, where is your next accident going to occur?
 
For more information, contact the CCAP Loss Control Department at 800-895-9039; or email us at:
 
Bruce Mitchell, Loss Control Services Manager; bmitchel@pacounties.org  
Gary Nicholson, Senior Loss Control Specialist; gnicholson@pacounties.org 
Greg Cunningham, Loss Control Specialist; gcunningham@pacounties.org   
Bob Lauzonis, Loss Control Specialist; blauzonis@pacounties.org  

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2009 Insurance Boards 

We are in the process of finalizing the composition of the various CCAP insurance program boards of directors for 2009. Most elections are done or are winding down, and incoming CCAP President Jim Kennedy has made his appointments to the boards. Our thanks to all these individuals for agreeing to serve.

We do have a few vacancies (see lists below). If you are interested in filling one of these vacancies, and your county participates in the program, please contact John Sallade at CCAP.

In February we will complete this listing with the results of the PComp election and any other appointments.

BEST Flex Board of Directors: Newly elected member Karen King joins this board for 2009.

          Appointed by CCAP (All terms expire 12-31-09)

          June Sorg (Elk County Commissioner), Chairwoman

          Gail Kipp (Columbia County Chief Clerk)

          Fred Cechman (C.M.S.U. MH/MR Finance Director)

          Beth Ward (Chester County Benefits Administrator)

          Teresa Jones (Bradford County HR Director)

          Elected by members (All terms expire 12-31-10)

          Kristy Bixler (York County Director of HR)

          Erick Coolidge (Tioga County Commissioner)

          Dale Shelley (Juniata County Commissioner)

          Connie Hazelton (Venango County HR Director)

          Karen King (Lawrence County Director of Personnel)

COMCARE Board of Directors: New board members Darla Bortz, Jeff Wheeland and Jim Kuemmerle join this board.

          Appointed Members

          CCAP Members:

Donna Gority (Blair County Commissioner), Chairwoman (12/31/09)

          Darla Bortz (Sullivan County Commissioner) (12/31/10)

          Jeff Wheeland (Lycoming County Commissioner) (12/31/10)

          PACDAA Member:

Rick Kastner (Executive Director Lancaster County Drug and Alcohol Commission), (12/31/10)

          MH/MR PAAP Member:

Phil Keating, Executive Director, CMSU MH/MR (12/31/09)

          Elected Members

          County Commissioners:

Joe Giles (Erie County Council Member) (12/31/09)

          Vacant(12/31/09)

          Individual with Managed Care Expertise:

          Scott Suhring (CEO, Capital Area Behavioral Health Collaborative) (12/31/09)

          At Large Members:

Jim Kuemmerle, (MH/MH Administrator, Armstrong Indiana MH/MR) (12/31/10)

Jonna DiStefano (Executive Director, Delaware County Human Services) (12/31/10)

COMCARE PRO Subscribers' Advisory Committee: New members Allison Frantz and Jim Gallagher join this captive's board.

Donna Gority (Blair County Commissioner), President (2009)

          Dave McAdoo (Executive Director, Southwest Behavioral Health
                   Management, Inc.) (2009)

Rick Kastner (Executive Director Lancaster County Drug and Alcohol Commission) (2010)

          Scott Suhring (CEO, Capital Area Behavioral Health Collaborative) (2009)

          Jonna DiStefano (Executive Director, Delaware County Human Services) (2011)

          Allison Frantz, (HealthChoices Administrator, Lehigh County) (2011)

          Jim Gallagher, (CEO, Northeastern Behavioral Health Care Consortium) (2010)

          Jim Girardin (Willis Vermont, Vermont Member) (2011)

CCAP Deferred Compensation Advisory Committee: Dennis Stuckey, Gary Ebersole and Jim Marker are the new members of this committee.

Joe Giles, Erie County Council Member, Chairman

Paul Corbin, Jefferson County Commissioner

Connie Hazelton, HR Director, Venango County

Fred Wagner, Crawford County Treasurer

Karen Florentine, HR Director, Chester County

Chuck Noll, County Administrator, York County

Jon Eich, Centre County Commissioner

Betty Reibson, Sullivan County Commissioner

Gary Ebersole, Bedford County Commissioner

Dennis Stuckey, Lancaster County Commissioner

Jim Marker, Somerset County Commissioner

PComp Board of Directors: The appointed members of this board are set; election results for the remainder of the board were pending when this article was prepared. Newly appointed board member Brian Beader joins this board.

          Appointed By CCAP (All terms expire 12/31/09)

          Bill Soberick (Columbia County Commissioner), Chairman

          Denise Jones (Venango County Chief Clerk)

          Peggy Aharrah (Elk County Chief Clerk)

          Dale Shelley (Juniata County Commissioner)

          Sue Vogler (Tioga County Commissioner)

          Dan Vogler (Lawrence County Commissioner)

          Brian Beader (Mercer County Commissioner)

PCoRP Board of Directors: There are no changes to this board's composition for 2009.

          Appointed By CCAP (All terms expire 12/31/09)

          Frank Staudenmeier (Schuylkill County Commissioner), Chairman

          Rob Cyphert (Beaver County Fiscal Director)

          Bill Gaylord (Wyoming County Chief Clerk)

          Gail Kipp (Columbia County Chief Clerk)

          Jamie Wolgemuth (Lebanon County Chief Clerk)

          Erick Coolidge (Tioga County Commissioner)

          Lisa Moreno (Adams County Commissioner)

          Elected By Members (All terms expire 12/31/10)

          Ken Ammann (Mercer County Commissioner) (4th & 5th Class)

          June Sorg (Elk County Commissioner) (6^th Class)

          Norm Wimer (Forest County Coroner) (7th & 8th Class)

          Eloise Ahner (Carbon County Assistant Chief Clerk) (At Large)

          Dee Robinson (Union County Chief Clerk) (At Large)

          John Sullivan (Bradford County Commissioner) (At Large)

PELICAN Subscribers Advisory Committee: Molly Hess and Lynne Dillon are the newest members of this captive's board. Elections are held in April.

          Class A Members

          Mike Wilt (Executive Director, PACAH), President (2011)

          Diane Cleary (Vermont Director)  (2010)

          Marvin Granda (Fiscal Officer, Gracedale Nursing Home) (2009)

          Molly Hess (Administrator, Philadelphia Nursing Home) (2009)

          Keith Wentz (Risk Manager, York County) (2011)

          Joe Giles (Council Member, Erie County) (2009), Vice President

          James Aurand (Administrator, Susque-View Home) (2011)

          Ronald King (Administrator, Jefferson Manor Health Center) (2010)

          Class B Members

          Lynne Dillon, Saxony Health Center (2010)

PIMCC Governing Board: Joanne Palazzolo is the newest member of this board.

          Appointed Members (term ends 12/31/08)

          Carol Wilson, Indiana County Warden, Chairwoman

          Vince Guarini, Lancaster County Warden

          Larry Kopko, Warren County Sheriff

          Ralph Youmans, Tioga County Warden

          Harris Gubernick, Bucks County Director of Corrections

          Elected Members (term ends 12/31/09)

          District 1 Representative - Jeff Hornberger, Clarion County Warden

          District 3 Representative - Dale Shelley, Juniata County Commissioner

          District 4 Representative - David Kovach, Columbia County Commissioner

          District 5 Representative - Joanne Palazzolo, Business Manager, Bucks County

District 7 Representative - Eloise Ahner, Carbon County Assistant Chief Clerk

CCAP UC Trustees: As noted in last month's newsletter, elections results for this board were completed with no change in the board's composition.

          Appointed By CCAP

          John White (Adams County Special Legal Counsel) (12/31/09)

          Chuck Dominick (Westmoreland County Human Resources Director)
                   (12/31/10)

          Robb Green (York County Controller) (12/31/10)

          Derek Williams (Tioga County Chief Clerk) (12/31/10)

          One Vacancy (12/31/09)

          Elected By Members (nominations and elections being held)

          Joseph Giles (Erie County Councilmember), 2A and 3rd Classes Representative (12/31/09), Chairman

          Chuck Witmer (Centre County Controller) 4th and 5th Classes Representative

                   (12/31/09)

          Gayle Kershner, (Bradford County Chief Clerk), 6th Class Representative,

                   (12/31/10)

          Betty Reibson (Sullivan County Commissioner), 7^th and 8^th Class 
          Representative (12/31/09)

          James Marker (Somerset County Commissioner), At Large Representative

                   (12/31/10)

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NACo Launches Online Supplier Directory

Reprinted with permission from the National Association of Counties (NACo). 

Source:  County News, Vol. 40, No. 23, December 8, 2008.

NACo has launched a new member benefit, a free Online Supplier Directory. The directory is designed to help all members, but particularly those in the administrative and purchasing areas. The Web-based directory will provide quick and easy access to an extensive catalogue of suppliers of products and services purchased every day by counties. County officials and employees can use the searchable database to find nationally recognized, regional or locally-based businesses.

The directory identifies green businesses and will allow counties to: have quick and easy access to suppliers from across the country, have more options to select, obtain more competitive pricing, gain more knowledge on the products, and submit a Request for Information (RFI) anonymously. This last feature will make it easier for counties to obtain information on materials and background prior to purchasing or requesting a bid.

The RFI function will also enable counties to be better able to develop a Request for Proposal (RFP). You can find NACo's Online Supplier Directory by visiting www.naco.org.

Look for the link in the lower right hand corner of NACo's home page.  Note, once clicking on the link, please login using your email address and password, use the name of your county as the password, example, Lexington(space)County. If you have problems logging in or for more information, please contact Bill Cramer, marketing director, at bcramer@naco.org or 202-942-4264.   

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BEST Flex Welcomes New Board Member 

By Julia Jackson, Employee Benefits Program Manager

The nominations are in for the 2009 BEST Flex Board of Directors election. Four positions and one vacancy were up for election or reelection this year. Five nominations were received, one for each of the four incumbents and one for the vacant position on the board.  Because no additional nominations were received, an election process was not necessary. 

We are pleased to welcome Karen King, Lawrence County Director of Personnel, to the BEST Flex Board of Directors, and welcome back the four reelected incumbents: 

Kristy Bixler, York County Director of Human Resources

Erick Coolidge, Tioga County Commissioner

Dale Shelley, Juniata County Commissioner

Connie Hazelton, Venango County Human Resources Director

BEST Flex is governed by a ten member board of directors. Five members are appointed by the County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP), and five are elected by the BEST Flex membership. Board members serve two year terms, and are eligible for reelection or reappointment.  For a complete listing of the 2009 BEST Flex Board of Directors see the article above titled "2009 Insurance Boards".
  

BEST Flex, Benefit Solutions That Are Flexible, was organized in 2000 under the direction of CCAP. Counties were seeking reprieve from the rising cost of employee benefit programs, and CCAP saw an opportunity to leverage its group purchasing power on behalf of its members. Through the BEST Flex program, CCAP members are now able to access deeper discounts, premium services, and alternative plan designs they may not have been able to access on their own. In addition, the more counties that participate in the BEST Flex program, the greater the discounts will become.

Programs and services offered through BEST Flex include:  health insurance consulting, group life insurance, accidental death and dismemberment, dental insurance, vision insurance, short and long term disability insurance, long term care insurance, and Section 125 flexible spending accounts.

For more information email Julia Jackson, Employee Benefit Programs Manager, or call 800-895-9039.

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Little Known Benefit of PCoRP and PELICAN 

By Bruce Mitchell, Loss Control Manager

Those of you who have been around the insurance industry thirty years or more may remember when the general liability insurance carrier was responsible for inspecting elevators of their insureds. Some insurance companies had their own elevator inspectors. Others used contracted inspection agencies to fulfill this requirement. Of course, the cost of the inspections was paid by the insurance company.
 
A few years ago when the International Building Code was introduced to Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Elevator Code also changed. That change eliminated the requirement for the liability insurance carrier to inspect elevators.
 
As a PCoRP or PELICAN member, you are receiving routine elevator inspections free!  Prior to the elevator code change, PCoRP contracted with National Elevator Inspection Services (NEIS) to provide the elevator inspections. Since the change, PCoRP decided to continue to provide this value added service to the members. When PELICAN was organized, the same procedure followed through for nursing homes.
 
Passenger elevators are required to have routine inspections twice per year. These inspections are performed by NEIS and the report is sent to PA Dept of Labor & Industry, Elevator Division. A copy of the inspection is sent to PCoRP or PELICAN for payment. In addition, hydraulic elevators are tested every three years and traction (cable) elevators are tested every five years.
 
The "5 Year Full Load Safety Test" also known as the "Electric Elevator Periodic Test Report" is conducted by an elevator maintenance and service contractor. This cost for this test is paid by the property owner. This test must be witnessed by an inspection company registered with the Elevator Division. NEIS witnesses the test and sends a report to L&I, Elevator Division. The cost of this service is $250 and paid by PCoRP or PELICAN. The "3 Year Pressure Test" for hydraulic elevators is also known as "Hydraulic Elevator/Lift Periodic Test Report."  The test is performed by an elevator contractor (paid by the property owner) and must be witnessed for L&I. NEIS will witness this test at a cost of $150.00, also paid by PCoRP or PELICAN. The routine inspection of passenger elevators performed twice per year is known as "Reinspection Report," at a cost of $40 per elevator per inspection is paid by PCoRP or PELICAN.
 
With a little math, you can determine how much you are saving by allowing the cost of your required elevator inspections to be paid by PCoRP or PELICAN. For example, assume you have 10 elevators including five hydraulic and five traction elevators. 10 elevators inspected twice per year for routine inspections at $40.00 each equals $800 per year. Five cable elevators tested every five years at $250 each is $1250 in five years. Five hydraulic elevators tested every three years at $150 each is $750 in five years. Therefore, routine inspections in five years cost $4,000, plus cable elevator test of $1250 and hydraulic elevator test of $750 in five years.  This is a savings to the county of $6,000 in five years for just 10 elevators.

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Take Credit For Your Retirement-Plan Contributions

Article provided by Nationwide Retirement Solutions

The federal government wants workers to be preparing for their financial security in retirement. In fact, because you make eligible contributions to an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you may be able to take a tax credit. The amount of the saver's credit you can get is based on the contributions you make and your credit rate. Your credit rate can be as low as 10% or as high as 50%, depending on your adjusted gross income. The lower your income, the higher the credit rate; your credit rate also depends on your filing status. These two factors will determine the maximum credit you may be allowed to take.

Below is the table in effect for this tax year to help you decide your contribution level, as well as the table in effect for tax year 2008, to help you as you prepare your taxes.

Sources: "IRS Announces Pension Plan Limitations for 2009," IR-2008-118, Oct. 16, 2008; "2009 Limitations Adjusted As Provided in Section 415(d), etc.", Notice 2008-102, Oct. 28, 2008; Topic 610 - Retirement Savings Contributions Credit, www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc610.html; "2008 Inflation Adjustments Widen Tax Brackets, Raise IRA/401(k) Limits and Expand Tax Benefits," IR-2007-172.

Your local plan representative can help you understand how the Saver's Credit works. Neither Nationwide nor any of its representatives may offer tax or legal advice. Contact your own counsel for these services.

Is your plan beneficiary data current?

Information on a retirement-plan beneficiary form may override wishes you express in a will. The beginning of a new year is a good time to make sure your beneficiary information is up-to-date.

For more information email Julia Jackson, Employee Benefits Program Manager, or call 800-895-9039.

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An Economy In Flux  

By David Sallack, Managing Director, PFM Asset Management LLC

In times of economic disruption, it makes sense to seek perspective. To provide that, we have outlined a handful of key elements related to the recent turmoil.
 
Upheaval in the banking industry
The breadth of the subprime lending crisis became apparent in September, when Seattle-based Washington Mutual, the nation's biggest savings and loan, became the largest bank failure in U.S. history. As we move ahead, the consolidation of commercial banks into a small number of super-banks is likely to bring about changes. The largest three or four banks may wind up controlling 30% to 40% of all deposits, giving them power to set prices for services.
 
The government's response
President Bush signed the TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program) on October 3, allowing the government to purchase up to $700 billion in mortgage- and asset-backed securities. Changes affecting public deposits include temporarily increasing the FDIC limit on deposits from $100,000 to $250,000, which will provide counties with greater security for bank deposits.  Counties should also be aware that the Federal Reserve's emergency rate cut will likely lower yields of certain variable-rate investments -- vehicles that many counties use.   
 
Treasury investments
Economic upheaval led to a "flight-to-quality," whereby investors seek the most secure investments. That activity drove up Treasury prices, thus lowering Treasury yields. In coming months, more investors may be driven to U.S. Treasury securities that typically produce the lowest returns of any fixed-income investment.
 
Of course, our economic situation continues to evolve rapidly. An investment approach involving discipline, rigorous analysis, and prudent risk management, will be critical in navigating these uncharted investment waters.
 
For more information email Dave Sallack, or call (717) 232-2723. 
  

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Quote Of The Month

 "We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others judge us by what we have already done."

- Wadsworth Longfellow

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CCAP Insurance Programs
PO Box 60769, Harrisburg, PA 17106-0769
Phone (800) 895-9039 - FAX (717) 526-1020
Claims Fax (888) 692-2368
Click here to go the Insurance Section of the CCAP Website.

email:jsallade@pacounties.org

Insurance Matters is published monthly by CCAP Insurance Programs for the use of members of CCAP's UC Trust, PCoRP, PComp, PIMCC, COMCARE, COMCARE PRO, BEST Flex, PELICAN and other insurance programs, and insurance producers of these members.

Advice contained in this publication is not legal advice and members are encouraged to seek the opinion of their solicitor.

The information provided in this publication is not intended to take the place of professional advice. Readers are encouraged to consult with competent legal, financial, or other appropriate professionals. Statements of facts and opinions expressed in this publication, by authors other than Association staff and officers, are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent an opinion or philosophy of the officers, members and staff of the County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP). No endorsement of advertised products or services is implied by CCAP unless those products or services are expressly endorsed, or are owned or managed by the Association programs, or our affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced, modified, distributed, or displayed in part or in whole, by any means, without advance written permission of CCAP. Please direct your requests to John Sallade, Managing Director, CCAP Insurance Programs, jsallade@pacounties.org.

Note: As part of its copyright agreement the CCAP grants the author the right to place the final version of his/her manuscript on the author's homepage, subject to CCAP's standards, or in a public digital repository, provided there is a link to the CCAP website.

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